Composite Blades of Wind Turbine: Design, Stress Analysis, Aeroelasticity, and Fatigue

In this chapter, four main topics in composite blades of wind turbines including design, stress analysis, aeroelasticity, and fatigue are studied. For static analysis, finite element method (FEM) is applied and the critical zone is extracted. Moreover, geometry, layup, and loading of the turbine blades made of laminated composites are calculated and evaluated. Then, according to the stress analysis, critical layer is specified and safety factor is studied based on Tsai-Wu failure criterion. Aeroelasticity is the main source of instability in structures that are subjected to aerodynamic forces. One of the major reasons of instability is the coupling of bending and torsional vibration of flexible bodies, which is known as flutter and considered in this study. Numerical and analytical methods are applied for considering the flutter phenomenon of the blades. For numerical method, the FEM and Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR-23) standard and for analytical method, two-degree freedom flutter and Lagrange’s equations are utilized. Also, lifetime prediction of a horizontal axis wind turbine composite blade is investigated. Accumulated fatigue damage modeling is employed as a damage estimation rule based on generalized material property degradation

Lot streaming in hybrid flow shop scheduling

Production planning and scheduling play significant roles in manufacturing system operations and different techniques have been used to enhance their performance. Lot streaming has been studied for decades and is shown to accelerate production flow. This research deals with lot streaming in hybrid flow shops. Multiple products are processed in a multi-stage hybrid flow shop with non-identical machines. Sublots can be constant or consistent and intermingling is not allowed. Setups are attached and sequence independent. The problem is to simultaneously determine product sequence and sublots sizes so that the makespan is minimized. The model presented in this thesis is a mixed integer linear programming formulation for solving this problem. Several variations of the model are presented to incorporate different problem settings such as exploitation of variable sublots in the single product problem. Numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed model and to compare it to similar example problems in the literature. Furthermore, an example of a lot streaming problem in a general multi-stage hybrid flow shop is concerned and discussions and analysis are presented. Keywords . Production planning; Scheduling; Lot streaming; Hybrid flow shop; Integer programmin

Desafíos de la criminalización de la protesta y la corrupción a través de documentos internacionales

With the passage of the Islamic Penal Code of 1992, the legislator took a critical step contrary to the provisions of international documents such as the Political and Civil Covenant and the Universal Declaration of Human rights and other documents criminalize behaviors that are critical of human rights, both in terms of punishment and in non-compliance with the principles and principles of criminality. As provided in Article 286 for severe on-the-ground corruption with a view to development in various fields, the death penalty has been specified. The perpetrators of these crimes and deviations from the substantive principles of security crimes, such as riots and corruption on earth, present challenges that will be addressed in this article, first explaining the importance of the right to life and the death penalty in international documents and the Iranian legal system.Con la aprobación del Código Penal Islámico de 1992, el legislador dio un paso crítico contrario a las disposiciones de Los documentos internacionales como el Pacto Político y Civil y la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y otros documentos penalizan comportamientos que son críticos de los derechos humanos, tanto en términos de castigo como en incumplimiento de los principios y principios de criminalidad. Según lo dispuesto en el Artículo 286 para la corrupción severa en el terreno con miras al desarrollo en varios campos, se ha especificado la pena de muerte. Los autores de estos crímenes y las desviaciones de los principios sustantivos de los crímenes de seguridad, como los disturbios y la corrupción en la tierra, presentan desafíos que se abordarán en este artículo, primero explicando la importancia del derecho a la vida y la pena de muerte en documentos internacionales y el sistema legal iraní

An experimental study of permeability determination in the lab

Understanding the flow characteristics in laminar and turbulent flow regime is important for different aspects of reservoir and production engineering. One of the most important parameters in fluid flow is the permeability of the porous media. It is common practice in the industry to use Darcy and Forchheimers equations for characterising the fluid flow in the porous media at laminar and turbulent regimes, respectively. Core flooding experiments were performed with 1.5-inch diameter size core samples from limestone and sandstone formations. The permeability of the samples was measured in the laminar regime at basis flow rate. Then, the flow rate was increased in different steps and permeability was measured, accordingly. The plot of permeability versus flow rate was used to track the evolution of the flow regimes in the core porous media. There are different challenges to monitor the transition between laminar and turbulent regime through core flooding experiments. These challenges are discussed in this paper through both literature review and also experimental results. The results indicated that the core sample preparation, experiment control parameters and also test profiles are important aspects when measuring permeability in the lab. © 2012 WIT Press

Consolidation of the Victorian Marriage Tradition in Hardy’s Jude the Obscure

Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy has always been considered a novel in which the concept of the traditional Victorian marriage is severely criticized through various tones.  New Historicism and Cultural Materialism are methodological approaches that provide us with a different interpretation of this novel. Therefore , on the basis of these "reading practices," as Greenblatt calls them, the researchers attempt to offer  another reading of this novel. The present research concludes that Jude the Obscure at first presents an explicit, reproachful treatment of the conventional Victorian marriage but at the end it reinforces this type of marriage by repressing the characters whose views are at odds with the dominant views of the society. In other words, through marginalizing its own major characters as "the others", Jude the Obscure consolidates the dominant discourse of the Victorian society about "marriage"

Efficiency Evaluation of Water and Municipal Wastewater, Using Data Envelopment Analysis Approach: A Case Study in Markazi Province

Nowadays productivity evaluation and its components, and efficiency and effectiveness, is one of the concerns of businesses and government agencies. Water and sewerage companies, given its resource constraints, are intended to increase the efficiency of their activities in order to provide drinking water and industry, and hence, increasing the efficiency of water and municipal wastewater plants in each province, will be the development of the whole province. This paper presents a method based upon data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency affairs of water and wastewater cities in Markazi province, and carried out with real data, related to the cities, and analyzing the results

Efficiency Evaluation of Water and Municipal Wastewater, Using Data Envelopment Analysis Approach: A Case Study in Markazi Province

Nowadays productivity evaluation and its components, and efficiency and effectiveness, is one of the concerns of businesses and government agencies. Water and sewerage companies, given its resource constraints, are intended to increase the efficiency of their activities in order to provide drinking water and industry, and hence, increasing the efficiency of water and municipal wastewater plants in each province, will be the development of the whole province. This paper presents a method based upon data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency affairs of water and wastewater cities in Markazi province, and carried out with real data, related to the cities, and analyzing the results

Efficiency Evaluation of Water and Municipal Wastewater, Using Data Envelopment Analysis Approach: A Case Study in Markazi Province

Nowadays productivity evaluation and its components, and efficiency and effectiveness, is one of the concerns of businesses and government agencies. Water and sewerage companies, given its resource constraints, are intended to increase the efficiency of their activities in order to provide drinking water and industry, and hence, increasing the efficiency of water and municipal wastewater plants in each province, will be the development of the whole province. This paper presents a method based upon data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency affairs of water and wastewater cities in Markazi province, and carried out with real data, related to the cities, and analyzing the results

The effect of cutting type, leaf area, leaf number, putrescine and indole-3-Butyric acid on the rooting of Ficus cuttings (Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.)

In order to study the importance of lateral or apical buds and also the possibility of replacing the role of bud and leaf with Putrescine (Put) and auxin, three experiments were conducted using leaf-bud cuttings with intact leaf blade (full blade) or halved-blade, and terminal cuttings having 1 to 4 leaves of Ficus elastica. Treatments included IBA (0, 2000 mg/l) and Put (0, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/l). Comparing the lateral cuttings with intact or halved-blade showed that the rooting of the cuttings with intact leaf blade was better. The longest root length and the best rooting index were observed in cuttings treated with 1000 mg/l Put + 2000 mg/l IBA. The highest root number resulted from the IBA treatment. In cuttings with halved-leaf blade, Put along with IBA improved the indices of rooting in comparison with the control. The rooting of leaf-bud cutting was better in comparison with apical cuttings and the application of Put with IBA increased rooting indices in both types of cuttings and there was no significant difference between the different concentrations of Put. Results showed that terminal cuttings with three and four leaves had the longest, heaviest and most abundant roots, and that the rooting index resulted in the highest value. The rooting of leaf-bud cutting with intact leaf blade was better than that of one-leaf apical cutting. In general, the experiment showed that in the one-leaf terminal cutting, the apical bud has a negative effect on rooting and the increase in the leaf area or the application of Put with Auxin improves rooting